Mixed fertilizers 1 15 - 15 - 15	Mixed fertilizers 2 13 - 25 - 19	Mixed fertilizers 3 10 - 30 - 20
Mixed fertilizers 4 10 - 20 - 30	Mixed fertilizers 5 17 - 44 - 0	Mixed fertilizers 6 16 - 16 - 16
Mixed fertilizers 7 6 - 26 - 30	Mixed fertilizers 8 4 - 17 - 40	Mixed fertilizers 9 9 - 39 - 15

According to your order any fertilizer mixture for particular field, under particular crop, with planned crop yield can be carried out.

Traditional application of most produced complex mineral fertilizers with N: P: K – 1:1:1 ratio is efficient but it envisages individual requirements neither of particular crop nor a particular field.

Production of dry mixed fertilizers is one of the ways to solve this problem. Composition of such mixed fertilizers depends on soil characteristics, cultivated crop and planned crop’s level. With regard to economical efficiency, high quality dry mixed fertilizers are not worse than similar fertilizer grades with all ingredients accumulated in a single granule. Thus, given requirements of a particular field and crop, their economical efficiency can considerably exceed standard complex fertilizers. Hence, such a mixture enables to minimize expenses on fertilizers and maximize the crop.

This is a standard worldwide fertilizer application practice which didn’t have any further development at U.S.S.R times. Nowadays agricultural production is mostly private and efficiency of spent money has become a pressing issue. Besides, the world-wide experience shows that, because of wrong introduction of fertilizers in soil, up to 30% is applied as ballast. These are unproductive expenses of an agricultural producer. In accordance with agricultural science, the greatest fertilizer efficiency is evident when their (N, P, K)nutrients are in balance , i.e. when they are introduced into soil at an optimal combination on the basis of a particular field’s cartogram, under particular crop with planned crop yield.

Technologically mixed fertilizers, in respect of nutrients’ cost and their application cost, do not exceed the cost of separately delivered and sufficiently applied simple fertilizers.

Mixed fertilizer formula	Type of soil	Crop	Application rate, kg/hectare
7-29-26;8-20-31;8-24-28; 8-25-25+S; 8-29-24; 9-15-30+S; 9-23-27; 9-28-23; 9-30-21+S; 10-19-28;10-25-24; 10-35-15+S; 11-24-23; 12-20-20+S; 12-27-19	Ordinary chernozem, Southern chernozem	Winter crops, winter rape, spring crops, maize, Sunflower, soya beans, peas	200-400
4 -17- 40; 5- 20 -36; 6-10-40+S; 6-11-41; 6 -26 -30; 7 -16 -36; 8-11-38; 8 -17 -33	Ordinary chernozem, Southern chernozem	Sugar and fodder beet	250-450

NPK ratios recommended for different agricultural crops ( for spring application)

Mixed fertilizer formula

Type of soil

Crop

Application rate, kg/hectare

20-12-10+S;

20-12-16;

20-16-13;

22-9-10+S;

22-9-15; 22-16-10;

22-19-15; 23-8-14;

24-11-10;

25-5-10+S;

26-6-10; 27-7-8.

Ordinary chernozem,
Southern chernozem

Winter crops, winter rape, spring crops, maize, Sunflower, soya beans, peas

150-250

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Additional nitrogen application, kg/hectare		Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Autumn	Spring	Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Forest area	Sod-podzol soil	100 - 50 - 60	6 : 26 : 30	12 : 52 : 60	-	90	200
Forest-steppe	Typical chernozem	120 - 50 - 60	6 : 26 : 30	12 : 52 : 60	90	20	200
Forest-steppe	Steppe	100 - 50 - 60	6 : 26 : 30	12 : 52 : 60	70	20	200
Grey forest soil	Ordinary and southern chernozem	100 - 50 - 60	6 : 26 : 30	12 : 52 : 60	70	20	200

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Forest-steppe	Grey forest soil	95 : 50 : 100	19 : 10 : 20	95 : 50 : 100	500
Forest-steppe	Typical chernozem	75 : 40 : 80	19 : 10 : 20	75 : 40 : 80	400
Steppe	Ordinary chernozem	70 : 40 : 60	23 : 13 : 20	70 : 40 : 60	300
	Southern chernozem	70 : 40 : 60	23 : 13 : 20	70 : 40 : 60	300
	Dark chestnut	65 : 40	32 : 20 : 0	65 : 40	200

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Additional nitrogen application(for spring additional fertilizing)	Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Forest-steppe	Grey forest soil	140 : 60 : 120	19 : 10 : 20	115 : 60 : 120	25	600
Forest-steppe	Typical chernozem	135 : 60 : 120	19 : 10 : 20	115 : 60 : 120	20	600
Steppe	Ordinary and southern chernozem	120 : 50 : 60	23 : 10 : 12	115 : 50 : 60	5 - 10	500

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Forest area	Sod –podzol soil	65 : 40 : 60	23 : 13 : 20	65 : 40 : 60	300
Forest area	Sod –podzol soil	40 : 40 : 55	15 : 15 : 22	40 : 40 : 55	250
Forest-steppe	Grey forest soil	80 : 45 : 70	23 : 13 : 20	80 : 45 : 70	350
	Grey forest soil	45 : 45 : 65	15 : 15 : 22	45 : 45 : 65	300
	Typical and podzolized chernozem	70 : 40 : 60	23 : 13 : 20	70 : 40 : 60	300
	Typical and podzolized chernozem	35 : 35 : 55	15 : 15 : 22	35 : 35 : 55	250
Steppe	Ordinary and southern chernozem	60 : 35 : 50	23 : 13 : 20	60 : 35 : 50	250
Steppe	Ordinary and southern chernozem	35 : 35 : 50	15 : 15 : 22	35 : 35 : 55	250

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK	Additional nitrogen application(for spring additional fertilizing)	Mixture rate, kg/hectare
Forest area	Grey forest soil	160-75-185	16 : 10 : 25	120 : 75 : 185	40	750
	Typical chernozem	150-70-175	16 : 10 : 25	110 : 70 : 175	40	700
	Leached and podzolized chernozem	130-60-150	16 : 10 : 25	95 : 60 : 150	35	600

Area	Soil, type	Nutrients’ rate, kg/hectare, NPK	Mixture formula, NPK	Basic fertilizer application, kg/hectare, NPK
Forest area (pea, soya)	Sod –podzol soil, grey forest soil	40 : 40 : 55	15 : 15 : 22	250
Forest-steppe (pea, soya)	Typical and podzolized chernozem	40 : 40 : 55	15 : 15 : 22	250
Steppe (soya irrigation)	Ordinary and southern chernozem	45 : 50 : 0	23 : 26 : 0	200
Steppe (soya irrigation)	Dark chestnut soil	60 : 65 : 0	23 : 26 : 0	250

Facing the problem of loss during the harvest, the most frequent question is: “What’s wrong? Both nitrogen and potassium were applied. And my equipment is excellent”. The answer is simple-it is just because of an unprofessional approach. We got used to think that our soil is the best soil. However, it can be much better. Just some attention and care could be sufficient. Nutrients should not be applied into soil under “the-more-the-better” principle; in such a way we can “overfeed” it. Everything should be done according to soil requirements. Thus, you will be able to control your crop on your own avoiding extra fertilizer usage.

Ammonium nitrate ranks on the first place among all fertilizers used in agriculture making up 50-60% of Ukrainian fertilizer market. Its chemical formula is NH4NO3. As you can see, nitrogen in this fertilizer is present both in ammonium and nitrate forms (NH4 : NO3 - 1:1 ), its total content amounting to 34,6%. Ammonium nitrate is very valuable fertilizer for all crops and soils during basic application, sowing and additional fertilizing. It is physiologically sour fertilizer. In fact, systematic chernozem application of ammonium nitrate does not change a reaction of soil solution. Being very hydroscopic, ammonium nitrate quickly becomes damp and caked in the open air. Therefore agstone, chalk, phosphorus powder, phosphorus gypsum i.e. addition moisture absorbing agents are added into ammonium nitrate. Total content of powdering additives makes up to 5% from fertilizer weight. Before applying into podzolized soil, ammonium nitrate is mixed with lime with its portion amounting sometimes to 30-40% out of total mixture weight. Such mixture is slightly hydroscopic and convenient for mechanical sowing.

Characteristics	Parameters
Mass fraction of nitrogen, min.34,4%	34,4
Mass fraction of water, min. 02,-0,3%	0,2-0,3
Hydroscopic point,% at t=25 ºC	43,5
Bulk density, t/m3	0,84

After introduction into soil, ammonium nitrate is dissolved, ammonium nitrogen in result of interchange reactions is absorbed by soil, and nitrate nitrogen interacts with soil solution cations. Soil oxidation can be observed in podzolized soils containing insufficient amount of cations in solution. Ammonium fraction of nitrate can be nitrified, thus also resulting in the medium oxidation. Such effect is not observed for chernozem and other neutral and alkaline soils.

Ammonium nitrate is the most efficient among nitrogen fertilizers. It is used for all crops in all agricultural areas. A high effect is achieved while applying AN in combination with phosphorus and potassium. This kind of fertilizers is also used for additional fertilizing of winter and cultivated crops. Nitrate fraction of the fertilizer is hazardous because of nitrogen migration, that is why during irrigation of light soil in area of sufficient and excessive moistening, ammonium nitrate (as dominant fertilizer) is recommended to apply in spring period during presowing soil cultivation.

However, the possibility of nitrogen loss because of wash-out is considerably less evident while applying fertilizer as additional fertilizing in the period of the highest consumption by plants.

Crops	Application rates, kg/hectare
Winter crops	150-200
Spring crops	200-300
Rape	150-250
Sugar beet	200-300
Fodder beet	250-350
Potato	200-300

Sometimes ammonium nitrate is used for foliage spraying of grain crops (winter and spring wheat) in amount of not less than 5-6%. Increase of process solution concentration results in plants burning. Additional fertilizing is recommended to carry out at air temperature not more than 20-25 ºC and not less 10-12 ºC in evening period, thus contributing to the growing ratio of nitrogen usage out of fertilizers without plant’s destruction.

Urea ÑÎ(NH2)2 contains nitrogen in its amide form and is the most concentrated solid nitrogen fertilizer. It is a crystallized substance of white color, slightly hydroscopic and almost not -caking during storage period. It is also well evaporated and soluble in water (at t = 20 ºC per 100 ñì³ of water, 51,8 gram of fertilizer is dissolved).

A special place among biologically sour fertilizers is occupied by urea. At first days of its application alkalization of soil solution is observed; later on, a partial biological oxidation is possible due to nitrification. When applying into soil, amid form under the urea bacteria effect is converted into ammonium form which is consumed by soil absorption complex, and in the process of nitrification ammonium can be converted into nitrate form. After all urea nitrogen is absorbed by plants, there are neither sour nor alkaline residues left in soil, following no change in soil solution reaction. Therefore, urea is called as ballast-free fertilizer. Because of nitrogen amid form content which is quickly absorbed through foliaged area of plants, urea is better to be used for foliage spaying, especially for grain crops. Unlike other nitrate fertilizers, urea does not burn leaves during foliage spraying, even when applied in increased concentration (>5% ). At high temperatures in the process of granulation a toxic substance – biuret- can be formed in urea. Its presence of more than 2,7-3,0% can impair young plants growth in case it is applied directly before sowing. According to state standard, biuret concentration in granular urea must be not more than 1, 4%. Biuret is usually dissolved in soil within 10-15 days.

Characteristics,%	Parameters
Mass fraction of nitrogen, max.%	46,2
Mass fraction of water, max., %	0,3
Mass fraction of biuret, max. %	1,4
Hydroscopic point at t=20 ºÑ	80
Bulk density, t/m3	0,65
Friability, min ,%	100
Solubility in water , g/dm2 min	518

Crops

Application rates, kg/ha

Crops (winter and spring wheat, winter and spring barley)

150-250

Maize, sunflower

200-250

Crop	Concentration	Crop	Concentration
Crops (winter and spring wheat, winter and spring barley)	3,0-5,0	Maize	0,4-0,6
Apple tree, plum tree, cherry tree	0,6-1,0	Potato	1,5-2,0
Sugar beet	0,8-1,6	Rape	2,0-5,0
Cabbage	0,8-1,6	Cucumbers	0,3-0,4
Peach	1,2-1,5	Onion	1,6-3,0

Foliage spraying by urea solution is recommended to carry out at air temperature not more than 20-25 ºC and not less than 10-12 ºC in the evening time in order to increase nitrogen ratio of fertilizer use.

In field conditions usage ratio of nitrogen fertilizers makes up from 40 to 50% depending on kind of crop. To increase nitrogen fertilizer efficiency it is important to apply it in due time during the sowing period as additional fertilizer.

In autumn-winter-spring period on account of wash-out substantial losses of nitrogen are possible, thus it is much better to apply nitrogen fertilizer rather in spring than in autumn.

For this reason, nitrogen fertilizers are required to apply with regard to plant nutrition periodicity during the highest rate of nitrogen uptake. Implementation of this process requires fractional fertilization based on nutrition diagnostics results.

Nitrogen uptake by plants in sour soils is more efficient with soil liming. Moreover, regular application of nitrogen fertilizers acidates soil subsequently limiting the plants’ growth and productivity. Therefore, periodic liming of sour soils (especially of sod-podzol soils) will also increase efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers.

Climatic and weather conditions are of significant importance. Snow melting in forest-steppe and steppe areas results in quick soil drying so, late nitrogen fertilizing of winter crops can considerably decrease efficiency of this method. Cold weather and moisture excess need soil to heat when intensity of microbiological processes reaches the necessary level. Thus, additional nitrogen fertilizing of winter crops in non-chernozem area is carried out in 2 weeks after snow melting.

A fundamental issue is fertilizer dosage. It is usually estimated with regard to soil diagnostics results based on balance calculation for planned crop. A valuable contribution in the development of this way of calculation was made by such scientists as A.V. Sokolov, I.S. Shatilov, Z.I. Zhurbitskiy and others. There are equations which include ratios of nitrogen use from soil and mineral fertilizers by plants. Simple method requires information about mineral nitrogen content in soil and its density:

Calculation sample. The concentration of mobile nitrogen in ordinary chernozem layer of 0-30cm makes up 10 mg/kg, soil density in the layer – 1,2 g/cm3, planned winter wheat yield – 40c/ha, nitrogen carry-over(NC) from 40 centners of grain -120kg. Nitrogen dose is calculated as follows:

Balance method has its disadvantages since requires optimal values of ratios included into the formula. Though, it allows accurate calculation of nitrogen fertilizer dose for planned crop.

It is highly concentrated potassium fertilizer. It occurs as crystalline powder or crystals of white and red color with good physical properties, slightly hydroscopic, anti-caking, easily spread and highly soluble in water.

Potassium chloride is used most of a wide range of potassium fertilizers, about 80-90%.

According to researches, potassium is the fundamental nutrition element securing grain crop and maize green mass increase if it is sufficiently supplied with nitrogen.

Variant	Crop yield, centner/ha			on average
	2002 year	2003 year	2004 year	c/ha	Addition to the background
	2002 year	2003 year	2004 year	c/ha	c/ha	%
N₆₀ – background 1	49,9	49,9	86,9	62,2	-	-
N₆₀ Ê₆₀	57,0	55,4	96,1	69,5	7,3	11,7
N₆₀ Ð₄₀– background 2	55,6	57,6	97,9	70,4	-	-
N₆₀ Ð₄₀Ê₆₀	64,2	57,6	100,7	74,2	3,8	5,4
ÍÑÐ₀₅, ö/ãà	5,8	9,1	5,7	-

As per the schedule, potassium chloride in mixture with ammonium nitrate enhances maize crop yield by 11,7% on average.

Potassium chloride is used in mineral crop nutrition for basic soil cultivation on all soils and climatic areas of Ukraine (but for alkaline soils).

It is more reasonable to use it as of autumn period for mineral nutrition of sugar and fodder beet,

lucerne, winter wheat and other crops not sensitive to chloride effect. It is not recommended to use potassium chloride with chloride sensitive crops (potato, flax-plant, grape, tomato) especially on loamy soils. Given this, chloride content of fertilizer can deteriorate quality properties of their products.

Characteristics	Parameters
Potassium, not less,%	60
Water, not more,%	0,5
Hydroscopic point,% at t=25 ºC	68
Bulk density, t/m3	0,92-0,95

Agricultural crop yield is considerably increased when potassium chloride is used as part of dry mixed fertilizers combined with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.

Increase of gluten ratio in wheat, of oil content in sunflower, soybean and rape is possible due to sulphur – one of the main elements in agricultural crops nutrition. Soya is established to enhance growth power of plants and reducing reactions and slowdown plants’ oxidation. Sulphur effect on plants is tightly connected with soil nitrogen content. It is rather difficult to find out the lack of sulphur for plants because it is very similar to lack of nitrogen. The difference is that the lack of sulphur results in yellowing of young (top)leaves in the period of early plants’ vegetation, and the lack of nitrogen – of old (bottom) leaves in the later stage. Sulphoammophos is a universal complex (granular) fertilizer. It is 100% friable, nonhygroscopic, dusty-free, with a balanced granulometric structure, and practically without extraneous substances. This kind of fertilizer is manufactured from the world cleanest raw material of Kovdor apatite concentrate that contains a number of microelements participating in plants’ metabolism. In the year 2006 “Sulphoammophos” mineral fertilizer (produced by EuroChem Ltd) became the winner of All-Russian Program called “100 best Russian products”.

- better phosphorus solubility compared with ammophos (contains 93 of soluble and available phosphorus);

There are three forms of nitrogen in sulphoammophos: ammonium form which prevents from strong leaching from soil and enables more intensive absorption of phosphate ions by plants’ roots; nitrate form that helps with quick uptake by plants and amid form.

Sulphoammophos contains sulphur in its sulphate form which is easily accessible for plants ( sulphur fertilizers have a positive effect as indirect fertilizers as well: partially neutralizing soil alkalinity and enhancing absorption of sparingly soluble phosphates).

Fertilizer composition is as follows: 20%-Nitrogen, 20%-Phosphorus, 8%-14% -Sulphur, 0,5%-Calcium, 0,5%-Magnesium.

Sulphoammophos is an efficient nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer when it is used in basic soil cultivation for grain crops, maize, sunflower, rape, soya beans in soils with low and average content of mobile phosphorus.

The Stavropol agricultural research institute has recently carried out special researches on sulphoammophos effect on winter wheat and some spring crops yield.

Grain crop increase in case of basic sulphoammophos application in dose of N80P80 for winter wheat against grain crop in ordinary chernozem soil with low mobile phosphorus content makes up 20 centners/ha.

Early spring nitrogen additional fertilizing in dose of 30kg/ha against sulphoammophos background was turned out to be efficient and to result in additional 8,0 centers/ha growth of grain crop.

Combined application of sulphoammophos and nitrogen additional fertilizing (UAN, ammonium nitrate, urea, and lime ammonium nitrate) also increased raw gluten content in winter wheat grains. His increase made up 3,0%. Besides, the use of this variant with current prices on grain and fertilizing facilities provided a net profit that was higher than profit gained from usage of ammophos and ammonium nitrate mixture.

Comparison of sulphoammophos and ammophos application with ammonium nitrate application in comparable doses for spring crops has showed that maize cultivated for silo was more sensitive to sulphur containing fertilizers.

Sufficient nitrogen quantity allows using sulphoammophos during winter crop sowing.

Preparation of mixed fertilizers increases labour and energy costs and can deteriorate physical properties of mineral fertilizers because of their hydroscopic property growth. Therefore, the use of sulphoammophos as a complex fertilizer with optimal nitrogen and phosphorus content is more profitable.

High efficiency of sulphoammophos as nitrogen and phosphorus sources for main crops was found out during two-year field experiments on chernozem soils of Krasnodarskiy area. Therefore, sulphoammophos is an efficient fertilizer not only for agricultural crop yield increase but for improvement of products quality thus having a good economic effect.

- quality products – increases proteins’ content in a grain and oil content in a seed

The main reasons of growing interest in sulphur for recent years are introduction of ballast free and highly concentrated fertilizers into agriculture and, as a rule, one way application of nitrogen fertilizers increasing crop yield and improving grain quality.

Comparative analysis of different types, doses and ways of mineral fertilizer application for winter wheat against grain crop has showed that sulphoammophos effect on crop yield is equivalent to the effect of ammophos and ammonium nitrate mixture in case they are applied in equal quantities.

Type and dose of fertilizer	Way of application	Crop yield, Centner/ha	Increase
Type and dose of fertilizer	Way of application	Crop yield, Centner/ha	C/ha	%
Control (without fertilizers)	-	41,5	-	-
Sulphoammophos, N80P80	Presowing cultivation	51,4	+9,9	24
Ammophos mixed with ammonium nitrate N80P80	-\\-	51,5	+10,0	24

Area peculiarity of our soils is presence of calcium carbonates that interacting with phosphorus soluble substances create hardly accessible for plants forms. Lack of easily accessible phosphorus often not only decreases growing power of cultural plants, but considerably limits positive effect of other fertilizers, especially nitrogen ones. Therefore, despite high gross reserves of this element, most agricultural crops require first and foremost application of phosphorus fertilizers.

Efficient type of phosphorus-containing fertilizers is ammophos. It is highly concentrated complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer with the overall content of active substances amounting to 64%, nitrogen fraction – 12%, phosphorus – 52%. Phosphorus water-soluble form is easily assimilated by plants on all types of soils. Ammophos possesses good physical, chemical and mechanical properties: it is not hydroscopic, it neither cakes nor forms dust and has a balanced granulometric composition.

This salt contains nearly no ballast substances and its use reduces expenses on transportation, storage and application into soil.

Characteristics	Parameters
Digestible phosphates by wt ( P2O5 ), min	52
Water-soluble phosphates by wt , ( P2O5 ), %	47-49
Nitrogen in total , min ,%	12
Hydroscopic point, % at t=25C	63-68
Bulk density, t/m3	0,80-0,90
Water by wt , max %	1

General purpose high-effective fertilizer (ammophos) is used both for basic presowing fertilizer application and especially for row fertilizing for all kinds of culture in all soil-climatic areas. When ammophos is applied on neutral and alkalescent soils (carbonate chernozem, chestnut, meadow-forest, carbonate and sierozem soils), it creates more favorable phosphate conditions in comparison with superphosphate. It is more reasonable to use this kind of fertilizer in droughty areas which are in less demand for nitrogen fertilizers compared with phosphorus ones. Ammophos is also widely applied for sheltered grounds in mixture with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.

Application of ammophos for basic cultivation of soil is known to be the major factor of its efficiency increase, especially in droughty areas. In this case a fertilizer is fixed in deeper and damper soils so that plants could receive nutrition elements during the whole vegetation period.

In spring ammophos is used to improve phosphate conditions of soils at first and critical stage of the plants’ growth. Its application for presowing and row fertilizing is additional to the basic fertilizer application. Ammophos is an effective fertilizer which is applied to rape, spring crops, leguminous plants (peas, soya beans) and perennial herbs. Doze of ammophos application before sowing these cultures depends on mobile phosphorus content in arable layer of soil and usually makes up 60-90 kg/ha (1,2-1,7 centner/ha of physical weight). Moreover, phosphates having high aftereffect, considerably increase crop capacity of the following culture – winter wheat.

In the years 2005-2006, Stavropol agricultural research institute and Prikum selection station investigated the results of ammophos application for presowing cultivation. It was determined that spring application of ammophos even without its basic application in autumn, significantly enhances crop capacity of spring barley, maize (for silos) and sunflower. And additional ammophos fertilizing of winter crops in spring does not have such effect on the level of crop yield.

Used for presowing application for spring barley, ammophos is more efficient if it is applied in mixture with nitrogen at a rate of 1:1. Lack of this element is compensated by ammonium nitrate adding with its hydroscopic property to decrease. It is also found out that spring crops are highly sensitive to row application of this fertilizer. Its application efficiency increases 1,5-2,0 times.

Presowing application of ammophos for spring barley allowed enlarging crop capacity on chernozem soil from 27,7 to 32,2 centner/ha, that is by 11% more ( 4,3 c/ha increase) and its application in mixture with ammonium nitrate – up to 35,2 c/ha, that is more by 27% (7,5,c/ha increase). The most economic efficiency of ammophos is observed during its application on chestnut soils ( if without fertilizer application barley harvest made up 12,9 c/ha, then its application in mixture with ammonium nitrate increased the crop yield by 76% and made up 22,7 c/ha (9,8 c/ha increase).

Cultivation of tilled crops significantly increases crop yield in case of use of a balanced nutrition regime that is provided by the application of ammophos in mixture with ammonium nitrate in N60Ð60 dose. Application of ammophos for maize fertilizing requires optimization of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio as well.

The yield of maize for silage in case of ammophos application for presowing fertilizing increased from 263 up to 273 centner/ha, and in case of its application in mixture with ammonium nitrate – up to 310 centner/ha, thus increasing the yield level by 4% (10 centner/ha) and by 18% (47 centner/ha) correspondingly. Ammophos application for sunflower fertilizing revealed good results as well. Yield of sunflower grew by 12% (2,4 centner/ha) and by 17% (3,3 centner/ha) in case of ammophos application in mixture with ammonium nitrate.

Therefore, a highly concentrated complex fertilizer – ammophos- has a significant effect on increase in agricultural crop yield. Its application for fertilizing of plants at the beginning of their growth, stimulates the development of strong root system, quick growth of buds and leaves and strong resistance to drought and diseases.

Phosphorus is a strategic nutrition element for agricultural crops. It is especially necessary for young spring crops with their root system having weak uptake ability.

Lack of phosphorus in the period of reproductive organs formation hampers the development and upgrowth of plants, decreases crops yield and deteriorates products’ quality.

Nitroammophoska is a highly efficient granular NPK fertilizer with high and variable ratio of nourishing agents. It is a granular fertilizer of light pink color. It is not hydroscopic and doesn’t cake, and possesses 100% friability. All kinds of salt represented in nitroammophoska are soluble in water. High concentration of nourishing agents (about 40% nitrogen+phosphorus+potassium) allows minimizing expenses on transportation, storage and introduction into soil (compared with simple fertilizers).

Specification	Parameters
Assimilable phosphates ( P2O5 ), min.%	16
Soluble phosphates ( P2O5 ), min. %	12
Total nitrogen min. %	16
Nitrate nitrogen, min.,%	6,5
Potassium, min.,%	16
Water, max.,%	0,7
Hydroscopic point, % at t=25 ºC	59-62
Bulk density, t/m3	1,0-1,05

Nitroammophoska is applied for basic and presowing fertilizing on all kinds of soils for all kinds of agricultural crops. Very high agrochemical and economic efficiency is observed when applied into soil 80-10cm in deep, for root fertilizing of plants by local and banded method. This kind of fertilizers is more efficient for application on chernozem and on soils of complex structure. A great range of nitroammophoska brands allows individual selection of this fertilizer depending on specifications of soil type and cultivated crop. Optimal rates of nitroammophos application for fertilizing field crop ranges 200-400 kg/ha.

The majority of scientists came to conclusion that maximal level of maize yield is achieved through application of NPK compound mineral fertilizer. Given this, nitroammophoska has a great value. This kind of fertilizer considerably increases crop yield, both when applied for presowing fertilizing at rate of 200kg/ha, and for sowing fertilizing at rate of 100-125 kg/ha in physical weight. The efficiency of different fertilizers is showed in the schedule.

High increase in crops yield achieved due to nitroammophoska application for sowing fertilizing is found to be as more reasonable method of complex fertilizer application.

Variant	Mashuk 360 MV			Mashuk 480 SV
	Crop capacity, centner/ha	Increase in yield		Crop capacity, centner/ha	Increase in yield
	Crop capacity, centner/ha	ö/ãà	%	Crop capacity, centner/ha	Centner/ha	%
Without fertilizers	56,3	-	-	62,6	-	-
N30 for cultivation (ammonium nitrate)	63,6	7,3	13	78,4	15,8	25
N7,2P30 for cultivation (ammophos)	58,4	2,1	4	69,8	7,2	11
N30P30 for cultivation (ammonium nitrate+ammophos)	57,8	1,5	3	72,1	9,5	15
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
N30P30Ê30 for cultivation (nitroammophos)	66,0	9,7	17	70,6	8,0	13
N60P60Ê60 for cultivation (nitroammophoska)	65,8	9,5	17	74,9	12,3	20
N4,8P20 during sowing (ammophos)	61,9	5,6	10	70,5	7,9	13
N20P20Ê20 during sowing (nitroammophoska)	67,1	10,8	19	75,0	12,4	20
ÍÑÐ05, centner/ha	4,4	-	-	6,9	-	-

RPC “Himagro”’s products have a number of advantages in the market of mineral fertilizer production